By ANAND GIRIDHARADAS
So, this is about the word “so.”
If you speak English for work or pleasure, there is a fair chance that you’ve done it, too.
“So” may be the new “well,” new “um,” new “oh” and new “like.” No longer content to lurk in the middle of sentences, it has jumped to the beginning, where it can portend many things: transition, certitude, logic, attentiveness, a major insight.
Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton, late last year: “So, it’s not only because we believe that universal values support human rights being recognized and respected, but we think that it’s in the best interest for economic growth and political stability. So we believe that.”
A dispatch on National Public Radio last month, in which a quarter of sentences began with “so”: “So it’s, I think, the fifth largest in the nation. So, but now that’s the population in general. So there are sort of two, there are two things that are circumstantial.”
A quotation in a report last month from Channel NewsAsia, based in Singapore: “So, what we’re doing is — elephants have had these migratory routes, basically like islands connecting parks between each other; they’ve got nowhere to move and people have encroached on them.
“So, we negotiate with the people to move from the land. So, what we do, we buy the land, build them houses off the corridors and give them exactly the same amount of arable land back.”
A recent news briefing by Vitaly Churkin, the Russian ambassador to the United Nations, in which 5 of 21 sentences began with “so”: “So, all those issues, we hope, will be addressed in the report of the secretary general.”
For most of its life, “so” has principally been a conjunction, an intensifier and an adverb.
What is new is its status as the favored introduction to thoughts, its encroachment on the territory of “well,” “oh,” “um” and their ilk.
So, it is widely believed that the recent ascendancy of “so” began in Silicon Valley. The journalist Michael Lewis picked it up when researching his 1999 book “The New New Thing”: “When a computer programmer answers a question,” he wrote, “he often begins with the word ‘so.”‘ Microsoft employees have long argued that the “so” boom began with them.
In the software world, it was a tic that made sense. In immigrant-filled technology firms, it democratized talk by replacing a world of possible transitions with a catchall.
And “so” suggested a kind of thinking that appealed to problem-solving types: conversation as a logical, unidirectional process, proceeding much in the way of software code — if this, then that.
This logical tinge to “so” has followed it out of software. Starting a sentence with “so” uses the whiff of logic to relay authority. Where “well” vacillates, “so” declaims.
To answer a question starting with “well” suggests you are still considering it, don’t know fully but are getting there. To answer with “so” better suits the age, perhaps: A Google-glued generation can look it up where their parents would have said “I don’t know,” Facebook and Twitter encourage ordinary people and not just politicians to stay on message, and we gravitate toward declamatory blogs and away from down-the-middle reporting.
“So” also echoes the influence of a science- and data-driven culture. It would have been unimaginable a few decades ago that literature scholars would use neurological correlation analysis to evaluate texts, or that ordinary people would quantify daily activities like eating, sex and sleeping, or that software would calculate what songs we will like.
But in algorithmic times, “so” conveys an algorithmic certitude. It suggests that there is a right answer, which the evidence dictates and which should not be contradicted. Among its synonyms, indeed, are “consequently,” “thus” and “therefore.”
And yet Galina Bolden, a linguistics scholar who has written academic papers on the use of “so,” believes that “so” is also about a culture of empathy gaining steam in a globalized world.
To begin a sentence with “oh,” she said in an e-mail, is to focus on what you have just remembered and your own concerns. To begin with “so,” she said, drawing on her study of a database of recorded ordinary conversations, is to signal that one’s coming words are chosen for relevance to the listener.
The ascendancy of “so,” Dr. Bolden said, “suggests that we are concerned with displaying interest for others and downplaying our interest in our own affairs,” she said.
“So” seems also to reflect our fraught relationship with time. “Well” and “um” are open-ended; “so” is impatient. It leans forward, seeks a consequence, sums things up. It is a word befitting a culture in which things worth doing must bear fruit now, where it is more fulfilling to day-trade grain futures than to raise grain.
Today we live in fragments. You may be reading this column while toggling among your cellphone, iPad and laptop while eating lunch and proofreading a report. In such a world, “so” may serve to defragment, with its promise that what is coming next follows what just came, said Michael Erard, the author of “Um…: Slips, Stumbles, and Verbal Blunders, and What They Mean.”
The rise of “so,” he said in an e-mail, is “another symptom that our communication and conversational lives are chopped up and discontinuous in actual fact, but that we try in several ways to sew them together — or ‘so’ them together, as it were — in order to create a continuous experience.”
Perhaps we all live now in fear that a conversation could snap at any moment, interrupted by so many rival offerings. With “so,” we beg to be heard. This, we insist, is what you’ve been waiting to hear; this is the “so” moment.
While watching a tv debate among republican candidates to replace Maine’s Olympia Snowe as US Senator, I was apalled to hear one of the candidates answer four consecutive questions by starting with the word so. Question: “What in your opinion is Maine’s biggest economic challenge?” Answer: “So I believe that Maine needs…..” etc. Four times in succession! I am very happy to report that another candidate got the nomination at the polls this June.
I have a different slant on ‘so’. I first heard it from nerds and scientific academics who are telling you that they are prepared for the question and have a ready answer for you. It’s a continuation of a line that started before the question for which the answer begins with ‘so’. I do not think it substitutes for ‘well’.
in the last 5 or 10 years beginning a sentence with “So…” (especially in interviews when answering a question) seems to have become commonplace, but i don’t remember it being “so” before the year 2000 (or so:) I’ve noticed it from podcast interviews, especially with folks maybe 40 & under! I’m glad to find this article so i know i’m not crazy:) thank you! PS – interesting – “Friends” – is that where it started?
I’m just picking up on this in the UK – we take a little longer to catch on here! – and am interested to discover the origins of this verbal tic. I’m not sure I would go along with everything in the article, but agree it is to do with claiming a degree of certainty.
By the way, is that how you spell “appalled” over there, Karl?
Thank you so much for this (now not so recent) article- this “so” business has been driving me crazy. I love the psychological perceptions described here about its usage. The Silicon Valley origin myth works for me… I can believe it. Sometimes I feel like an old fart- some of these new language twists make me wince…
I have noticed this everywhere now. Especially with the educated/intellectual class. It is impossible to listen to NPR for very long without hearing it. To me it is just out of laziness. One does not typically hear the more senior reporters using So to start off an explanation.
I hate it when people do this! It is so annoying. Usually seems to be corporate, financial types. ‘Now’ is almost as bad. And the favourite among politicians, ‘look’. Great tactical communication techniques used by people that have nothing to say that is actually worth listening to.
Did he quote an author who wrote “in actual fact…”?
It (use of “so” to begin a thought leaves me confused every time. The speaker (writer?) is NOT preparing to sum up and draw a conclusion as I am suddenly expecting, but often wandering into new conversational territory. As with most new language tics I assume that I will eventually get used to hearing it, but…a fad.
Excellent work, Anand. I’ve been appalled and wondering where on earth this misinformed usage began —- it seems to me that it’s a way of avoiding the question one is being asked, as if the person is saying, I’m going to answer the question I want to answer, not the one you asked. Or, I’m in a hurry and your question is somewhat irrelevant. It makes the response sound canned and inauthentic. And it’s a non-sequitur, redundant, insensitive. Can you tell I’m annoyed?
I’m with Eileen on this. It becomes increasingly annoying when a series of replies are all prefaced with “so”. It becomes so forced and disconnected, it really begins to sound you are dealing with a machine. It also speaks volumes about the character of the speaker and their apparent desperateness to fit in by peppering their speech with the latest tic, no matter how senseless. The human tendency to embrace the bandwagon never ceases to amaze me.
Thank you Anand for having the courage and smarts to write this article. You are completely right. I am smiling and laughing as I type this. However, the millions and millions of absolute MORONS who constantly do this are driving me nearly crazy. Try living here in the so-sayer capital of the world—-So-Cal………..
I hear “so” used in this context on NPR so often it’s been driving
me absolutely nuts! I get the point of its usage but it seems so
copy cat and lame. Next time I visit Starbucks I can’t wait for the
“hello, what can I get you?” so I can fire back a “So, I’ll just have
a medium latte?” and then kiss a dude wearing a laptop bag
with a sidestrap.
I am driven mad by this misuse of the English language . Just heard a person on the radio use “so” to start his answers of about six questions asked of him. I want to pick up the radio and sling it out of the window and yell loudly at the person concerned to go and study proper use of language and phraseology !!!